/resources/femas-section-428-fixed-cost-grants-approach

Section 428 fixed-cost grants can speed recovery, but they also transfer major cost-overrun risk to applicants. This Govstar resource compares NYC’s stronger Section 428 experience with Puerto Rico’s inflation, procurement, supply-chain, and scope challenges to show why fixed grants require mature estimates before lock-in. Topics include Sandy Recovery Improvement Act authority, DDD/SOW development, FEMA validation, expert panels, underfunding risk, local market factors, H.R. 4669, parametric funding, basis risk, adjustment rights, small-grantee protections, and reform guardrails for future FEMA funding models.